Covers: (1) Flowcharts, Algorithms, and C Operator Precedence (Prefix/Postfix ++/-- expressions); (2) Conditional Branching & Loops (Electricity billing with surcharge, Selection sort algorithm & pass-by-pass tracing, 1D/2D arrays); (3) String & Character Handling built-in functions (strcpy, strcat, strlen, strcmp, strchr, isdigit, toupper); (4) Functions, Call-by-Value vs Call-by-Reference, Recursion, Pointers swapping; (5) Nested Structures vs Unions; (6) Dynamic Memory Allocation (malloc, calloc, realloc, free) & File I/O (file creation, writing characters).
Key Points: Show step-by-step slab calculation using if-else if ladder: units <= 100 => bill = units*1.5; units <= 200 => bill = 100*1.5 + (units-100)*2.0; units > 200 => bill = 100*1.5 + 100*2.0 + (units-200)*3.0. Check bill < 100 => bill = 100; check bill > 400 => bill += bill * 0.15.
Key Points: Initial: [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]. Pass 1 (min 11): Swap 64 & 11 => [11, 25, 12, 22, 64]. Pass 2 (min 12): Swap 25 & 12 => [11, 12, 25, 22, 64]. Pass 3 (min 22): Swap 25 & 22 => [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]. Pass 4 (min 25): No swap => [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]. Array sorted in 4 passes.
Key Points: malloc(size): allocates contiguous bytes with garbage values. calloc(n, size): allocates and initializes memory to zero. realloc(ptr, new_size): resizes previously allocated block. free(ptr): deallocates heap block. Return type for allocation functions is (void*).
Key Points: Define struct Date { int dd, mm, yyyy; }; struct Student { char name[50]; int rollNo; struct Date dob; float marks[3], total, avg; }; Implement main() with scanf, loop calculation, and printf.
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